Major Playwrights

Susan Glaspell and Samuel Beckett

Susan Keating Glaspell (July 1, 1876 – July 27, 1948)

Susan Glaspell was born in 1876 at Davenport, Iowa, USA. Growing up to be a teacher but went to a journalist career instead by writing stories for magazines such as Harper’s and The Ladies’ Home Journal. In 1915 she married George Cook and started a new line of career as a play writer. They founded the Provincetown Players on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This is where the play ‘Trifles’ was born, her theme concern more on the feminist issues, the role of women in a family and society, how the opposite sex to perceive the way of thinking between one another and the tension of relationship between men and women.

In ‘Trifles’, she amazingly create a serious discussion about the general nature of men and women, most probably her context on the play was back on the setting of those century but still valid to be argued until today. Men are portrayed as a logic, quite arrogant by the way they put down women’s behaviour, problem solver but insensitive towards the trifles which caused them to fail in finding the solution of the problem. Certainly that it is a critical theme to be explored by the readers and the audience of the play.

Equally important of Susan Glaspell works are the setting that she used, it is mythic; the lonely, depressing and cold landscape of the places evoked certain disturbing emotions on the audience and readers. It is incredible how she pictured the life of those people in the countryside that mostly unknown for many of us. For example in her play ‘Trifles’, the setting was imagined to be cold, still, lonely and empty, these descriptions not only promote certain emotions towards the characters but also a great deal to be studied. Women by general are the sex that will usually need companion, intimate relationship with families and friends; they are talkative and highly sociable. Therefore it is against the nature of women to keep them in a gloomy and empty place, by forcing them to be one role of a person in all the time. In ‘Trifles’, Mr. John Wright was a brutal, hard man that force his wife to become an obedient, silent housewife without even consider the natural characteristics of women.

‘Trifles’ remains as her well-known play but she received the Pulitzer Prize for another play based on the life and family of Emily Dickinson; Alison’s House in 1931. Some other plays that she wrote during her time in Provincetown Players are Women’s Honor (1918), Bernice (1919), Inheritors (1921) and The Verge (1922). She also wrote a number of novels that mostly fiction.

In 1926 she married Norman Matson after the death of her first husband and collaborated with him in the play ‘The Comic Artist’ in 1928, although they was divorced after six years. She died due to a pulmonary embolism on July 27, 1948, at the age of 66 in Provincetown.

Samuel Barclay Beckett (April 13, 1906 – December 22, 1989)

Samuel Beckett was born in Dublin, Ireland in April 13, 1906. His first published work was an essay to defend another writer, James Joyce. He was very much influenced by this writer to the point that he wrote a criticism essay on Joyce’s work and method. In 1927 he won his first literary prize for the poem ‘Whoroscope’. Something interesting about Beckett is that his works are affected by the people he met along his life and the experiences he gained; he is also well-known as a modernist as well as one of the writers of absurdist, which is such a fascinating topic.

His prominent works such as ‘Molloy’, Waiting for Godot’ and ‘Endgame’ carries a theme of the passage of time. Something that we abstractly experiencing without even bother about it, Beckett discussed about the time that will always move no matter how are we using it in his play ‘Waiting for Godot’. While in his novel ‘Molloy’, he argued about the past and present of time. Samuel Beckett has a passion towards words, their sounds, rhythms, shapes, etymologies and its histories. He creatively explored a complex theme such as time by a powerful use of language; the tense in this work portrayed that the past and present are closely related to a person. Not to mention the issue of the end of time is also concerned in another work of him, the ‘Endgame’. Ending of time which is also bring to the end of relationship and life itself. Beckett is trying to picture a view that time is something that constantly overwhelming a human but in the end it matters too little.

Meanwhile he also has another equally major theme as time which is the language. He is trying to express his opinion about language is not a medium to transfer thought but just a bubble to create a form of true thought. This is what seems to be a strange thing to be perceived by readers or audience, but an absurd idea or view will force us to think out of the box and sometimes would have triggered an epiphany. It is an exciting issue because we could have that chance to look on other types of theme rather than just a regular one. One of Beckett view is that humanity actually uses language to block out the thought, though it doesn’t sound logic in certain extent, we may consider his theme as something new be explored for more and this is what would cause a piece of literary work to has its own attraction.

Samuel Beckett is well-known for his strong and independent ideas that were portrayed in his works, which lead him to achieve an honorable award, the Noble Prize for Literature in 1969 along with many other prizes. His works have been translated into over twenty languages as most of them were written in French while for the play ‘Waiting for Godot’, he himself that translate it to English. Beckett died in 1989 due to emphysema and possibly a Parkinson’s disease in December 22, 1989 in Paris.





References

Waterman, Arthur. “Susan Glaspell (1876-1948).” Home page. 2 November 2013. <http://college.cengage.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/glaspell.html>

“Samuel Beckett” The ChaosTheory Theme Blog, April 2009. Web. 2 November 2013.

Annenberg Learner. “About the author—Susan Glaspell.” 2013. Web. 2 November 2013. <http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/notread/author.html>

GradeSaver. "Biography of Susan Glaspell | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays". GradeSaver, 2 November 2013 Web. 2 November 2013. <http://www.gradesaver.com/author/susan-glaspell/>

The European Graduate School (Graduate and Postgraduate Studies). “SAMUEL BECKETT – BIOGRAPHY”. 2012. Web. 2 November 2013. <http://www.egs.edu/library/samuel-beckett/biography/>

GradeSaver. "Biography of Samuel Beckett | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays". GradeSaver, 2 November 2013 Web. 2 November 2013. <http://www.gradesaver.com/author/samuel-beckett/>

Trifles

Susan Glaspell (Trifles: Explorations of the text)

2. What clues lead the women to conclude that Minnie Wright killed her husband?

The women first saw the uneven sewing as if it is a sign of confusion, when Mrs. Hale says that “it looks as if she didn't know what she was about”, Minnie Wright seems to be totally lost her concentration and not thinking in a straight way. Then, Mrs. Peters saw a bird-cage with one hinge of it is pulled apart, they were thinking that someone must have been rough on it, though they have not mention directly who is responsible for that, the readers are able to judge it through. Mr. John Wright is always portrayed as a hard man; “Just to pass the time of day with him-(Shivers.) Like a raw wind that gets to the bone,” says by Mrs. Hale, from this there is a great probability that he could have been that cold towards the bird as well.

The last clue is the discovery of the dead bird with its neck on the other side as if someone wrung it. Such a horrible doing couldn't be done by Minnie Wright which according to Mrs. Hale “real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and-fluttery”. Someone like her wouldn't torture the bird, but Mr. John Wright could have done that. On the whole, it is not impossible for Minnie Wright to kills her husband over such a great torture and suffering she have to endure.

3. How do the men differ from the women? from each other?

The men seems to be looking for solid evidence and reason for a murder to happen, that if someone would killed a person, it must been have well planned, involve struggling, violence scene and with a possible weapon. They didn't realize that it was a woman that is the main suspect here, so they must think like woman in order to find out that one woman don’t need a violence act to kill a person. While the women, they didn't exactly there to look for evidence but their innate behavior lead them to the real motive for a wife to kill a husband. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are only wondering around the kitchen, talking and minding their own business, but not to reveal who is the murderer but why murdering a person.

Men here is a problem solver, they went up and down the house, going out to the barn, thinking what a murderer chose to use and why John Wright didn't attack the person back even though he had a gun in the house. Their role here is to think of a solution towards question and confusion of the whole case. However, the women in ‘Trifles’ using their instinct to react over something, and thought deeper over the situation, not to look for a solution but to picture themselves at the same condition. This had helps them to find out what cause Minnie Wright to attempt murder.

County Attorney in this drama shows so much curiosity to find out more about the case, he’s been leading most of the conversation regarding the flow of the event. Even so, he is constantly criticizing the women, Mrs. Wright for having a messy kitchen, Mrs. Hale for wondering about the knot and quilt and Mrs. Peters for worrying Mrs. Wright preserves. He is a young man, his experiences over life hasn't broaden his thought yet, so he didn't aware that he was wrong to left out women characters when investigating a woman suspect. While Hale is a bit passive though he did contribute to the opening of the investigation, he is obedient towards authority of County Attorney and Sheriff. The way Mrs. Hale talks to Mrs. Peters, it could be assume that she and her husband Hale having a pretty much a normal family routine. Sheriff didn't very much says anything over the cases but acknowledge his wife to married to the law by the fact of marrying him, but similarly to County Attorney and Hale, he also thought that women could only been worrying about the preserves.

4. What do the men discover? Why do they conclude “Nothing here but kitchen things”? What do the women discover?

The men discover that there is a gun in the house, there is no sign of anyone having come from the outside, and the rope used to kill John Wright seems to be his own rope. They manage to find out the whole process of the murder but they can’t figure out the reason of doing it, County Attorney says, “a thing that would connect up with this strange way of doing it”. They conclude that “Nothing here but kitchen things” because they now sees Mrs. Minnie Wright as a murder suspect, they didn't realize that before that she was a housewife of a farmer, a normal woman with a normal everyday routine which definitely will involve the use of the kitchen. The men assume that a murder should constantly act suspiciously unusual and horrible; they left the fact that even a murderer is a human being.

The women incredibly manage to discover not only the motives for Mrs. Minnie Wright to attempt a murder but also the cruelty of oppression by John Wright towards his wife. The uneven quilting and the stillness of the kitchen shows how much messy the mind of Minnie Wright, she was depressed by loneliness and quietness of her home and life. The broken bird-cage is a solid prove how awful the way John Wright treat Minnie Wright by damaging something that would never give him any harm by any sense. He obviously must have killed the bird too, a singing bird that reflect the character of Minnie Foster, it is as if killed a part of his wife. Though it is never being directly spoken by the characters but it is clear that Minnie Wright wouldn't have killed anyone if she were to live like she did before her marriage.  

Summary of the event; A Date with a Literary Scholar

-REFAAT ALAREER-

The session start as Mr. Refaat described the geographical area of Palestine, Gaza and the West bank where it has overtaken by the Israel.

According to him, the tension had started many years ago when the Jews were being oppressed and they starting to use prose to defend themselves and to fight for their positions.

So when they came to achieved their goals through the ‘Cast Lead’, which is so called war, this time the Palestinian gaining some sort of epiphany to write something on their behalf.

They are inspired by a few other writers such as Mahmoud Darwish and Tamim Bargouti. Mr. Refaat also listed some names of Palestinian poets who write in English.

                    i.            Rafeef Ziadah (We Teach Life, Sir)

                  ii.            Susan Abulhawa (Wala! and a novel; Morning in Genuine)

                iii.            Remi Kanazi

Mr. Refaat had shared some tips or steps in beginning to write poetry.

•  Read a lot of good and high quality of poetry
•    Believe that you can write good stuff.
•  Have the will to do so.
• Always scribble your thoughts.
•  Imitate (as for the first step)
•  Be yourself

For the final part of the event, we had the questions and answers session.

Who are his favourite poets?-  John Donne and T.S. Eliot

What kind of poem the Palestinian used to wrote before the war?- Personal issues, love and something usual

How to write about the feeling or suffering of others? - Being a poet or a writer is to be everyone, to understand and to be able to put our self on the positions of everyone.

 Is the olive carries any meaning to the Palestinian?
- The olive is very much related to the life of Palestinian, though traditionally they’re using it for medical purposes but olive also symbolizing their own existence on that very land.The olive is the one that connect the Palestinian with the land and the prove of their past history and life.

In summary, I had gained such an inspiring time learning from the scholar invited and those experiences that he shared had gave an insight about a lot of issues on the situation of Palestine today, especially in the Gaza. 

The opportunity that we had in this country should be deeply appreciated because we couldn't even imagine if we are in their place.

It is an honour to treasure all the knowledge gained from the event.

The First World War

One of the major events involving the world conflicts is the First World War. To be real, we know what happened in that time, it begin in Sarajevo Bosnia, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian nationalist in the end of June and this became the immediate factor of the First World War to explode, but actually many that know the war will still begun even if this never had happened. The power of the world was divided into two; which is the Allied powers that made of the Great Britain, United States, Russia, France, Italy and Japan, the second one is the Central powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war started when Serbia and Austria-Hungary are having some conflicts of their own, but when one declaring a war, the others must do the same and the surrounding countries that are ally of any of those countries would also get involved.

The war was so horrible because it is the first time they use the high technology weapons such as machine guns, tanks, airplane and even chemical weapons such as poisonous gas. During that time, the airplane was also being carried by the big ship crossing the ocean. The politician will only care about the conflicts, it is sad to think about who will care for those who died? By the end of these four years of dark time, more than 9 million of soldiers had died and 21 million were wounded, reading this we only looking at numbers and words, it’s really nothing, but if we look thoroughly by our hearts we know that it is a tragedy, a great horror and the saddest events of the entire human existence. People died everywhere during that time, not only by the bullets of a gun but also by the spreading of diseases, weather, condition of their surroundings, damages and the destruction of everything. We didn't cry to heard this matter, it is sound more like a story than the truth, but that is why there are some people in this world such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, John McCrae and others, that making poems from this true events for us to reflect the real things that happened, for us to understand it better, judge and choose for the rights in this world.

These war ends in November 1918 by the defeated of the Central powers, Germany begin to crumble and some countries having a revolution including Berlin and France. It has ended, but we will still learning and remember the significance of everything that happened through some stories written about the war through fiction or poetry. People nowadays need to understand that a war would have happen again if we can’t find some peace between one another and didn't bother to believe in the peacefulness of the world.

References

"World War One." BBC News. BBC, 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/>.

World War One Poem

John McCrae, May 1915

In Flanders Fields

In Flanders fields the poppies blow

Between the crosses, row on row,

That mark our place; and in the sky

The larks, still bravely singing, fly

Scarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days ago

We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,

Loved and were loved, and now we lie

In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe:

To you from failing hands we throw

The torch; be yours to hold it high.

If ye break faith with us who die

We shall not sleep, though poppies grow

In Flanders fields.

References

Legg, Joanne, Graham Parker, and David Legg. "In Flanders Fields." First World War Poems. Www.greatwar.co.uk, 1998. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.greatwar.co.uk/poems/john-mccrae-in-flanders-fields.htm>.

"Biography of John McCrae." PoemHunter.com. PoemHunter.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.poemhunter.com/john-mccrae/biography/>.

Define it....

What is poetry? 

"Aristotle, ( 384-322 B.C.) defines poetry as the mimetic, or imitative, use of language, rhythm, and harmony, separately or in combination. It creates a representation of objects and events in the world." (Sparknotes Editor)

SparkNotes Editor. "SparkNote on Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)." SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 1 Oct. 2013.

What is drama?

Drama is seen as a process whereby students can use knowledge, not as a point of reference as something out there to be copied, but as a source of understanding to be analysed and questioned. Drama is thus social and fuels a curiosity about the world, its inhabitants and one's own feelings towards it. It uses the conditions of humanity and stresses the importance of reflection. (Radley 6)

Radley, Kathleen Elizabeth. The teaching of drama in secondary schools: how Cambridgeshire teachers feel the subject should be taught in relationship to the National Curriculum. EdD thesis. The Open University. 2002. <http://oro.open.ac.uk/18810/1/>

Ideas for Writing (Group Ong Li Yuan)

“Sometimes you’re the life, sometimes the sacrifice.”

This quotation from the poem Turtle Soup by Marilyn Chin means that sometimes we are the one that giving hope to move on and sometimes we will become the one that need to sacrifice and that lead to despair. The speaker describes her mother’s voice that can’t comprehend the thought about having to sacrifice a lot in order to gain a better life in a foreign land.

In an immigrant family of course there just a lot of hardship that they must gone through, it started with what they must sacrificed back in their home land; they must leave behind their family and friends, to be apart for a certain number of months or years, but usually those who left the country for a better life didn’t usually will ever going back home. Another thing that they will lose is their mother culture and tradition, having to mix with a new community, language and even religion. For example, in one of the local novel written by K.S Maniam; In a Far Country, he seriously portrays about how an immigrant family will lose the sense of their own identity and the feeling of belonging.

While in the same time they will gain something by moving into a new land, though it depends on the intention of their migration. In the poem “Turtle Soup”, the speaker seems to gain a better life maybe from the one that the family had back in China. Having to lose the ancient culture from the mother land, it was replaced by a new modern culture, and a fresh thought about life. Usually such countries that become the dominant attraction for the immigrant all over world like America, having a good economical state, stable in politics and most of all is a better opportunity for education. This is what an immigrant family usually looks for; they wanted their children to have a better education and able to strive for a better future and life.

It is not mention in the poem about what the speaker’s family gain by migrating from China to America but in the novel In A far Country, the immigrant family that coming to Malaysia all the way from the India gaining a better insights about community relationship. The antagonist; Rajan, learn that he need to appreciate the country that now he is living, he need to feel that he belong to this new country and in the same time, he still can preserve his own believe and traditional cultural value.

In conclusion, I believe it is a huge decision for one to migrate into a foreign land and when they did so, they must be ready for any obstacles and hardship as the results of their action. But it will not always be a bad things, for many reasons I also believe that migrating to a new land will also give you a new hope and a better future ahead, especially for those who is willing to sacrifice.

Turtle Soup by Marilyn Chin (1994)

Explorations of the Text

1)      The word “cauldron” portrays the image of ancient tradition of the speaker’s family, which is connected to the traditional Chinese culture. The author chose this word instead of “pot” to emphasis on the importance of giving value to one’s own identity even if it sounds old.

2)      “The Wei”, “the Yellow” and “the Yangtze” represents the ethnic identity of the speaker. Maybe she wanted to value the place where she came from; the China, and also as a symbol of respect towards these rivers as the turtle “that lived four thousand years”, swam those rivers to witness so much significant historical events in the past. Rivers such as the Nile, the Amazon or the Mississippi does not related to any cultural value to the speaker as she is a Chinese after all.

3)      The tone of the poem is nostalgic as the speaker tried to appreciate the symbol of the turtle and how it relate to her identity as a Chinese immigrant in a foreign land, she can’t feel as an American while in the same time the home tradition is almost gone from her.

Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note by Amiri Baraka (1961)

Explorations of the Text

1)      The speaker’s mood seems to be numb and discouraging as he was so used to the same happening in his life and he portrays “the ground opens up and envelops him”. As if it buried his own self and soul of living.

2)      The significance of the daughter’s gesture of peeking into “her own clasped hands” is to show that she is praying. The daughter probably praying to the God so that things will go well for her parents, because she was to talking to someone but “there is no one there...”. The speaker saw that her daughter praying to the God that unseen to anyone in the world.

3)      The title “Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note” means a note that will probably wrote by someone who can no longer go on in life. The speaker keep going about his depression of the same things in his life but in the last line he saw his daughter praying; “Her own clasped hands.” The daughter prays so that her parent will not giving up life by going into suicide no matter how rough the front path of living.

4)      The three short lines seem to picture the different transmission of the stages in the speaker’s life. The poem initially describing how the speaker felt about his everyday life and he said; “Things have come to that.”, which is his life before was always the same stuffs, while  in the second part the poem describe about his life now and the line “Nobody sings anymore.” This portrays about how his life became almost lost of all its excitement and fun. While the last part in my opinion he finally did came to a little hope, when he saw his daughter praying in “Her own clasped hand”. He might actually go on in the end.

5)      Baraka’s initial point of the flow when he begin with “Lately”, as it was before he realise his life going wrong, and then followed by “and now”. This could be the climax of his hopeless condition and he ended by “and then”. This will be the final stage of the poem which we witness the ending of the whole tale.

6)      All of this time the speaker might didn’t feel anything about his own daughter because he thought himself as living in the same desperate and depressing things for every day of his life by stating;

 “And now, each night I count the stars,
   And each night I get the same number.”
But in the end when he saw his daughter praying, something come to him and mostly the reader, that there is more to hope than nothing good of coming from suicide, the girl represents hope and the need for him to move on for the sake of her.

Works Cited

Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik. And Lynne Crockett. Portable Legacies: Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Nonfiction. United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.

References

"Themes and Meaning" Masterplots II: Poetry, Revised Edition Ed. Philip K. Jason. Salem Press, Inc. 2002 eNotes.com 28 Sep, 2013 <http://www.enotes.com/topics/preface-twenty-volume-suicide-note/themes#themes-themes-and-meanings>

Semajamcclain. “My Poems Analysis.” Home page. October 2011. 28 September 2013. <http://semajamcclain.wordpress.com/2011/10/11/my-poems-analysis/

Incident by Countee Cullen (1925)

Explorations of the text

1. There is a great tension between the nature of the interaction between the two boys, the Baltimorean treat him as an outsider by staring strangely at him and even though he smile towards him. Then he called the speaker a “Nigger” which showed that he is a racist. The interaction is awkward and deeply living a scar on the speaker’s memory.
2. The speaker just couldn't take out the incident with the Baltimorean because he was expecting a warm greeting or a smile from him but instead of that he just embarrassing the speaker by poked him out and called him a “Nigger”. It caused then speaker losing all the excitement of coming to that place and the incident become a permanent hurt for him.

The Reading/ Writing Connection

1.   I also happen to experience a prejudice before, though I never take it seriously but it does hurt on that time. My situation will be because of the course that I took that might a bit lower in value rather than those in science courses, I didn’t take it personally because it just a way people want to make you feel down, in fact I know that we all more better than we thought we could be. The persona having a hard time forgetting this incident due to his age; he is too young to perceive people’s judgement, he only looking for exciting friendship but end up being hurt because of the nature that he was born with that colour of skin. I could understand him and I thought also this an incident to the Baltimorean boy because he fail in appreciating ones true beauty that lies within the heart.

Ideas for Writing

1.   The form and rhyme actually helps the reader to truly engage with the flow of the poem. It is like narrating a simple child story but inside the poem bound with a deep and serious message. Playing with the sound of the word broaden our imagination of the situation the persona trying to convey.
2.  One of the magnificent functions of language is to provoke. The persona are totally effected by the word “Nigger” which is not meant anything to him if he happen not to understand its meaning, but he know what is the meaning behind the word and that refer to his race and skin colour. For that reason he couldn't accept the word being appointed to him whether the Baltimorean ever meant what he say or not. Language can be very powerful when we can use it to change one opinion about every aspects of their life, just like the persona that could be changing his mind perception about the white people attitude because of the incident of the word “Nigger”.

References

Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik and Lynne Crockett. Portable Legacies: Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction. United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.

The  Response Poem

For this task I am inspired to write this poem as one of the way of answering the questions that Naomi Shihab Nye put forward in ‘All Things Not Considered’. Maybe things could turn for the right if we were to alter the whole things as to be considered. But in here I try to tell a bit about the existence of hope behind every trouble.

Consider only the Holy

No divine too sacred of language,
no divine inspire to writing blood,
as we not bare too of having another new,
that off hurting or killing,
though people in distance to get together,
still all can be wrong or right,
but no deepest water that have no bottom,
no darkest land untouched by light,
there will be the end of all black,
white clear as the water,
will flow crossing the believer of the holy.

Incident by Countee Cullen

Once riding in old Baltimore,
Heart-filled, head-filled with glee,
I saw a Baltimorean
Keep looking straight at me.

Now I was eight and very small,
And he was no whit bigger,
And so I smiled, but he poked out
His tongue, and called me, 'Nigger.'

I saw the whole of Baltimore
From May until December;
Of all the things that happened there
That's all that I remember. 

First Exploratory Draft and Notes

(All Things Not Considered (2002) by Naomi Shihab Nye)

In the poem ‘All Things Not Considered’ by Naomi Shihab Nye, humans conflict are describes by using the historical event on the setting of the poem, Middle East. The poet portrays it by using her own life experience in the place, she describe how human are struggling to live within desperation of life, and one of that is the differences in believes and religion.

First she said that we can’t giving back one life when it has end, it is a tension within human’s life. Explosion is cause by war and that destroys happiness of children playing toys, she puts question marks to spark a thought within our mind on the causes or effects of war. Then she pictures how a Jewish boy killed and a Palestinian died because of religious extremist that could not find solution to their own struggle. She wants people to considered of having a new religious maybe only to giving us a new insights that everything are need to be considered.

The Arab father burying the baby girl alive also one of the historical occasions, where Arabian men just couldn't accept having a daughter and in here Shihab portrays how much discrimination was happening towards women in the Middle East society. Then women have to struggle in finding a way to survive through that time and this conflict actually remains until today, it doesn't involve burying anyone alive but discriminate in various other ways.

In the end of the poem, the poet gives the reader a grasp of hope that desperate death will come to an end, the ‘calm bucket waiting for water’ to wash away all their pain and suffering.

The humans conflict over the contrast between religions here are describes with the historical event between Jewish and Muslims. Shihab next sharing her despair with the reader that this conflict will continue if people didn't realize that we’re wrong and made similar mistakes in life, and giving no chances for peace to walks through.

All Things Not Considered
By Naomi Shihab Nye

You cannot stitch the breath
back into this boy.

A brother and sister were playing with toys
when their room exploded.

In what language
is this holy?

The Jewish boys killed in the cave
were skipping school, having an adventure.

Asel Asleh, Palestinian, age 17, believed in the field
beyond right and wrong where people came together

to talk. He kneeled to help someone else
stand up before he was shot.

If this is holy,
could we have some new religions please?

Mohammed al-Durra huddled against his father
in the street, terrified. The whole world saw him die.

An Arab father on crutches burying his 4 month girl weeps,
“I spit in the face of this ugly world.”

*

Most of us would take our children over land.
We would walk in the fields forever homeless
with our children,
huddle under cliffs, eat crumbs and berries,
to keep our children.
This is what we say from a distance
because we can say whatever we want.

*

No one was right.
Everyone was wrong.
What if they’d get together
and say that?
At a certain point
the flawed narrator wins.

People made mistakes for decades.
Everyone hurt in similar ways
at different times.
Some picked up guns because guns were given.
If they were holy it was okay to use guns.
Some picked up stones because they had them.
They had millions of them.
They might have picked up turnip roots
or olive pits.
Picking up things to throw and shoot:
at the same time people were studying history,
going to school.

*

The curl of a baby’s graceful ear.

The calm of a bucket
waiting for water.

Orchards of the old Arab men
who knew each tree.

Jewish and Arab women
standing silently together.

Generations of black.

Are people the only holy land?